Healthy attachment with a parent is key to a child's security
The emotional bond a child secures with its parents has a greater impact on its education than previously thought, a report suggests.
The Sutton Trust study says children's early attachment to parents has far-reaching consequences for their ability to speak, learn and think.
Parents who are insecure themselves find it harder to provide children with security, it says.
And the report calls for more help so parents can develop such crucial bonds.
The study focuses on the application of the theory of attachment - a key theory in child development and psychology.
This says the degree to which children are secure and resilient as they grow up depends on their own early experiences with their mothers and fathers and how they have bonded.
But the report from the Sutton Trust education charity, entitled Baby Bonds, makes the case that it has an important impact on children's future educational chances as well as their emotional well-being.
It is based on an analysis of more than 100 studies on the issue, including home visits and assessments and observations of children in a range of countries.
The trust argues that although psychologists have been aware of attachment theory, it has not been seen by policy makers as a key influence on educational attainment. And it asks them to take this into account.
'Security'
The report says when babies and toddlers do not form these strong parental bonds - known as secure attachment - they are more likely to exhibit poor language and poor behaviour before they reach school.
And it cites international studies which suggest this continues late into life, with insecure children more likely to leave school early or duck out of employment or training.
They are also more likely to suffer from aggression, defiance and hyperactivity later in life.
The Sutton Trust says its analysis of the research suggests that about 40% of children in the UK lack a secure attachment with their parents.
Lead author Sophie Moullin said that when her team looked at large scale representative studies in a number of countries they all found, from their observations, that between 38% and 42% of children suffered from poor attachment in all the different study locations.
She added: "Secure attachment really helps children with emotional and social development and at school it really helps them to manage their behaviour. These are the things that teachers will tell you that are stopping children from learning.
"It's really only as we understand more about these behaviour problems that we have decided that a lot of it goes back to this early bonding with parents."
Research director at the trust Conor Ryan said: "Better bonding between parents and babies could lead to more social mobility, as there is such a clear link to education, behaviour and future employment.
"The educational divide emerges early in life, with a 19-month school readiness gap between the most and least advantaged children by the age of five.
"This report clearly identifies the fundamental role secure attachment could have in narrowing that school readiness gap and improving children's life chances.
"More support from health visitors, children's centres and local authorities in helping parents improve how they bond with young children could play a role in narrowing the education gap."
As the search for the missing Malaysia Airlines flight intensifies, a new advanced radar system has been unveiled by scientists. But could it spot the plane?
The world's first photonic radar was tested at Pisa Airport in Italy and achieved "world-class" performance, according to an independent expert.
It uses lasers to produce high fidelity signals that pinpoint planes precisely.
But there are doubts over its range, say researchers in Nature journal.
Could it really have followed flight MH370 as it veered off its route from Kuala Lumpur to Beijing - possibly travelling far out over the southern Indian Ocean where search teams are now investigating sightings of possible debris?
Today's radar networks track planes via a combination of ground stations and satellites - as this guide explains.
Normal aircraft tracking
The new PhoDiR (Photonics-based fully digital radar) system is a working prototype for next-generation radars - designed to let pilots and air traffic control exchange far more information in a single signal.
Photonic systems promise:
Higher precision - less noise (interference) in the radar transmission
Higher bandwidth - able to transmit cockpit data (eg critical flight systems) as well as location data, simultaneously
Greater flexibility - more frequencies available
Smaller antennas - cheaper, lighter and more portable
PhoDiR was developed by Paolo Ghelfi and colleagues at Italy's National Laboratory of Photonic Networks.
To test their radar, they put it on the roof of their lab - and pointed it at planes taking off from nearby Pisa Airport.
"It was even more precise than we expected. We detected airplanes much farther away than we expected, with even higher precision," he told BBC Radio 4's Inside Science.
"We're still trying to find out exactly how much better it is than conventional radar. It's only a prototype - we don't have clear numbers yet."
The compact system could potentially be installed on aircraft, and has a very large bandwidth - allowing pilots to transmit detailed information directly to ground stations within range.
"In future, we imagine a system on an airplane that can scan objects around but also communicate what's happening in the cockpit - what has been said, movements in the airplane, everything," Dr Ghelfi told BBC News.
"One could imagine transmitting live streaming video, together with the radar surveillance data. The advantage would be that a single system can do the entire job, instead of multiple systems."
Experts say photonic radar can overcome some of the limitations of current electronic systems.
A laser produces a finely-tuned digital signature, which is converted into a radio frequency wave and transmitted from the radar antenna.
The returning wave is also converted via laser into a digital signal free from "jitter".
"Because the light is very precise, so is the radio frequency signal," said Prof David Stupples, an expert on radar systems at City University in London.
"Currently we produce the carrier wave using electronics. But then you've got to transport it up to the radar head through expensive, heavy cabling - and this creates noise in the system.
"But if you use light - with fibre optics - it is cheaper, lighter and crucially - it has less interference. It's very accurate."
The BBC's Richard Westcott takes a look at the gadgets used to track a plane in flight
Jason McKinney, of the US Naval Research Laboratory, said the performance of the system's transmitter and return signal converter were "world-class with respect to those of other photonics-based devices".
"These elements... are appealing components for future frequency-agile, software-defined radar architectures," he wrote in a commentary in Nature.
The main limitation on the system, he says, is range. It's not clear how a photonic ground radar could cover any greater swathe of ocean than current coastal stations.
Dr Ghelfi agrees. "Over oceans you might still depend on satellite capacity," he told BBC News.
And for this reason, the missing Malaysia Airlines flight MH370 would likely evade PhoDiR too - assuming it has taken a path across the Indian Ocean.
Rather than hunting planes over seas, the new system would be much more useful over land - benefiting European air traffic control for instance, the researchers suggest.
In highly-congested airspaces - such as above London's Heathrow Airport - pilots will know precisely how much breathing space they have.
But the photonic system could also have applications beyond air traffic control.
It could be used more widely in surveillance and wireless communications. Dr Stupples even suggests it could help motorway drivers to avoid collisions in fast-moving traffic.
"We are putting all these radar systems into a single small chip - low-cost with multiple functionalities," said Dr Ghelfi.
"But it will not be something that you will see right away - we are in the range of years and not of months."
Petrol prices have fallen to their lowest in three years with the cheapest fuel sold in Yorkshire and Humberside, says the Automobile Association.
The AA said prices averaged 129.46p a litre in mid March, compared with a year ago when the average was 138.42p a litre.
It said that recent wholesale cuts suggested there could be another fall of up to 2p shortly.
Diesel prices averaged 136.59p a litre, their lowest since July 2012.
This week, the Chancellor, George Osborne, unveiled another fuel duty freeze in his annual Budget.
According to the AA, 11 EU countries have increased or will increase fuel duty this year, including France, Holland, Italy and Sweden.
Northern Ireland was the most expensive area in the UK for petrol, although its average price has fallen below 130p a litre.
London and the West Midlands are the cheapest areas for diesel at 136.3p a litre. Scotland is most expensive at 137.3p.
'Dark cloud'
As well as the fall in fuel prices, the AA said there had been a small rise in the number of petrol stations in the UK after years of declining availability.
But the AA said the news was tempered by data showing that real incomes had slipped to 2002 levels, after adjusting for inflation.
It said a recent Office for National Statistics report said inflation had turned an average 2%-a-year increase in earnings into an effective 8% fall between 2009 and 2013.
The organisation's president, Edmund King, said: "Appalling weather up until 10 days ago will have reduced car use and fuel consumption.
"However, official figures on inflation-hit earnings reveal a more persistent dark cloud hanging over the ability of UK drivers to use their cars. This is clearly making business difficult for fuel retailers too."
Which would you be happier doing - serving pints or serving God? Helpful advice on how to make those difficult life choices is on hand.
The Cabinet Office has been looking at the relationship between different jobs and levels of life satisfaction, and publicans, it turns out, are in the unhappiest occupation of all. They are closely followed by brickies and debt collectors.
The happiest workers, the research suggests, are vicars and priests. Members of the clergy enjoy the most satisfying lives - but farmers and fitness instructors are pretty jolly too.
The government thinks people should have access to information on the relationship between the salary and the satisfaction associated with a career - part of the prime minister's commitment to find policies that boost the wellbeing of the nation.
What emerges is that, while there is a link between earnings and life-satisfaction, some quite well-paid jobs are populated by those with low levels of wellbeing - and vice versa. For example, despite an average salary of almost £39,000 a year, quantity surveyors work in the 41st most miserable occupation out of 274 different categories.
The life of a publican can be complicated
The average farmer earns £24,500, but they are a particularly chipper lot with the eighth highest life satisfaction of any job. In fact, the outdoor life does seem to be associated with greater personal wellbeing - managers in agriculture and horticulture are the third happiest and farm workers are in the top 25 too.
The people whose jobs are associated with the lowest life satisfaction include telesales workers, bar staff, rent collectors and leisure assistants.
The Cabinet Office is working on a web-based calculator that will allow those torn between two career paths to compare the average salaries and life-satisfaction associated with each.
Someone, for instance, considering working as a company secretary (average salary £18,200) or taking a bit more money to be an ambulance driver (£22,800) would learn that the people doing the former job report significantly higher levels of life satisfaction than those in the latter.
None of this means you can't be a joyful publican or a miserable vicar, of course. Nor does it mean that those jobs make people happy or sad. The data only offers evidence on the average life satisfaction of those doing different jobs. It might be that naturally gloomy people run pubs and unusually cheery types become quality regulators, for example.
But it does provide a clue to choosing the career path that is likely to be most fulfilling.
The official tables might be seen as one of the first tangible demonstrations of how government is trying to use policy to boost the happiness of the nation.
How could you not be happy?
Six months after arriving in Downing Street, David Cameron told the country how there was a need to "take practical steps to make sure government is properly focused on our quality of life as well as economic growth".
The prime minister wanted a "reappraisal of what matters" that would "lead to government policy that is more focused not just on the bottom line, but on all those things that make life worthwhile".
The Green Book (the bible for Whitehall policy wonks) was amended to include a section devoted to Valuing Non-Market Impacts, and among those was social wellbeing.
Officials were advised of the importance "in ensuring that the full range of impacts of proposed policies are considered". Happiness - or the lack of it - should be part of the equation.
But searching through the vast piles of Treasury documentation published around this week's budget, I cannot find any reference to "quality of life" or "wellbeing". Not one.
The words "happiness" and "wellbeing" did not appear anywhere in the chancellor's budget speech. George Osborne's "long-term plan" had no mention of joy or even life-satisfaction. It was focused on economic resilience, growth and jobs - with no calculation as to how fulfilling those jobs might be.
This could be seen as a bit of a miss, especially given the results of a survey published this week indicating that, when asked to choose the kind of society they would prefer to live in, 87% of UK adults pick "greatest overall happiness and well-being", rather than "greatest overall wealth" (8%).
But cabbies seem so chipper
Let us not be gloomy about happiness, though. Some government policy makers are already taking account of wellbeing in making decisions.
I am told that high-level deliberations on whether there should be a third runway at Heathrow have included discussion on the impact it would have on wellbeing.
Opponents emphasise the "high levels of stress and anxiety" for people living close to the airport. Heathrow Airport's consultation document warns that the jobs impact of not building the runway "would be devastating for the wellbeing of the local community".
The Cabinet Office has confirmed there is good evidence aircraft noise significantly and measurably increases anxiety around Heathrow, but ministers will be balancing this against the strong association between life satisfaction and employment.
Another policy idea being assessed according to its wellbeing implications is the proposal to shift the May Day bank holiday in England and Wales.
"What impact could moving the early May Bank Holiday have on health and well being?" the government consultation document asks. "In particular what impact could moving a bank holiday to the autumn have on the health and morale of workers?"
Quietly, the implications of the happiness agenda are feeding into government decision-making, even if politicians are reluctant to be explicit about it.
A report out on Thursday from the former head of the civil service, Sir Gus O'Donnell, commissioned by the Legatum Institute, explains the impact wellbeing research is already having on policy and argues for more of it in the future.
Happier times?
It confirms what the chancellor must know - that economic growth is indeed good for social wellbeing. But there are other areas of state activity that might be given greater priority if politicians want to improve the nation's happiness.
An emphasis on improving mental health is one, ensuring towns and cities include plenty of places where residents can meet and interact is another. There is evidence that an "active" welfare system encouraging people into work is better for wellbeing than a "passive" safety-net approach.
I wrote recently about the idea that schools might teach "resilience" and "character". This, it appears, would also have significant wellbeing advantages.
So, it is a shame that the hundreds of officials who constructed the budget this week could find no space for the words "happiness" or "wellbeing" or "life-satisfaction". But it may be that that reflects more on the language of the Treasury than the ambition of the government.
Gradually, we are becoming comfortable with the concepts of wellbeing and life satisfaction in our discussions about public policy. And that, I suppose, makes me happy.
(Rank) Occupation
Mean income (£s)
Satisfaction rating
(Rank) Occupation
Mean income (£s)
Satisfaction rating
(1) Clergy
20,568
8.291
(2) Chief executives and senior officials
117,700
7.957
(3) Managers and proprietors in agriculture and horticulture
31,721
7.946
(4) Company secretaries
18,176
7.93
(5) Quality assurance and regulatory professionals
42,898
7.891
(6) Health care practice managers
31,267
7.843
(7) Medical practitioners
70,648
7.836
(8) Farmers
24,520
7.808
(9) Hotel and accommodation managers and proprietors
32,470
7.795
(10) Skilled metal, electrical and electronic trades supervisors
35,316
7.795
(11) Senior professionals of educational establishments
49,495
7.789
(12) Physiotherapists
27,814
7.787
(13) Primary and nursery education teaching professionals
29,268
7.786
(14) Electrical engineers
44,439
7.739
(15) Fitness instructors
10,378
7.718
(16) Therapy professionals
28,524
7.714
(17) School secretaries
15,614
7.711
(18) Information technology and telecommunications directors
64,879
7.705
(19) Human resource managers and directors
54,120
7.702
(20) Financial institution managers and directors
73,911
7.701
(21) Dental nurses
15,024
7.699
(22) Musicians
21,492
7.696
(23) Farm workers
17,925
7.692
(24) Marketing and sales directors
84,377
7.688
(25) Functional managers and directors
53,574
7.687
(26) Production managers and directors in manufacturing
51,498
7.68
(27) Research and development managers
49,590
7.674
(28) Midwives
30,020
7.673
(29) Pharmacists
36,739
7.667
(29) Advertising accounts managers and creative directors
37,636
7.667
(31) Dental practitioners
53,567
7.663
(32) Sales accounts and business development managers
47,862
7.641
(33) Travel agents
18,344
7.64
(34) Secondary education teaching professionals
33,407
7.637
(35) Business, research and administrative professionals
36,012
7.636
(36) Education advisers and school inspectors
34,369
7.629
(37) Financial managers and directors
76,986
7.628
(38) Biological scientists and biochemists
37,627
7.621
(39) Natural and social science professionals
36,574
7.617
(40) Personal assistants and other secretaries
19,569
7.616
(41) Records clerks and assistants
19,146
7.615
(42) Authors, writers and translators
26,207
7.602
(43) Librarians
24,584
7.6
(44) Solicitors
44,787
7.599
(45) Chartered and certified accountants
37,850
7.597
(46) Customer service managers and supervisors
28,718
7.593
(47) IT specialist managers
48,384
7.59
(48) Leisure and sports managers
28,619
7.59
(49) Financial and accounting technicians
44,038
7.587
(50) Teaching assistants
11,796
7.587
(51) Childminders and related occupations
12,949
7.584
(52) Finance and investment analysts and advisers
46,797
7.579
(53) Business and financial project management professionals
50,038
7.575
(54) Fire service officers (watch manager and below)
28,183
7.574
(55) Civil engineers
38,236
7.574
(56) Purchasing managers and directors
51,806
7.572
(57) Health professionals
30,081
7.569
(58) Train and tram drivers
45,489
7.566
(59) Pharmaceutical technicians
20,815
7.564
(60) Air travel assistants
22,001
7.556
(61) Higher education teaching professionals
39,076
7.556
(62) Property, housing and estate managers
40,209
7.552
(63) Health services and public health managers and directors
49,015
7.549
(64) Actuaries, economists and statisticians
61,584
7.542
(65) Nurses
26,158
7.534
(66) Engineering professionals
41,421
7.532
(67) Bank and post office clerks
19,908
7.53
(68) Mechanical engineers
44,176
7.528
(69) Production managers and directors in construction
47,452
7.524
(70) Management consultants and business analysts
42,811
7.522
(71) Counsellors
19,220
7.51
(72) Sports coaches, instructors and officials
11,762
7.507
(73) Hairdressing and beauty salon managers and proprietors
25,011
7.506
(74) Police officers (sergeant and below)
39,346
7.501
(75) Garage managers and proprietors
38,112
7.493
(76) Managers and directors in transport and distribution
40,856
7.493
(77) Financial administrative occupations
18,323
7.49
(78) Playworkers
7,400
7.489
(79) Further education teaching professionals
28,043
7.488
(80) Social services managers and directors
39,961
7.487
(81) Managers and proprietors in other services
36,405
7.486
(82) IT project and programme managers
49,128
7.486
(83) Human resources and industrial relations officers
28,999
7.483
(84) Health associate professionals
21,569
7.481
(85) Design and development engineers
39,890
7.474
(86) Financial accounts managers
40,952
7.472
(87) Buyers and procurement officers
31,454
7.471
(88) Production and process engineers
38,475
7.47
(89) Taxation experts
45,360
7.469
(90) Nursery nurses and assistants
11,580
7.468
(91) Pharmacy and other dispensing assistants
11,920
7.458
(92) Welfare professionals
26,568
7.448
(93) IT business analysts, architects and systems designers
43,848
7.442
(94) Educational support assistants
11,569
7.442
(95) Construction project managers and related professionals
42,066
7.441
(96) Quality control and planning engineers
34,868
7.439
(97) Architects
44,024
7.433
(98) Public relations professionals
31,818
7.426
(99) Special needs education teaching professionals
28,894
7.424
(100) Medical radiographers
31,505
7.422
(101) Medical secretaries
17,314
7.421
(102) Credit controllers
19,724
7.421
(103) Groundsmen and greenkeepers
18,816
7.419
(104) Hairdressers and barbers
10,174
7.417
(105) Child and early years officers
21,634
7.417
(106) Teaching and other educational professionals
18,697
7.413
(107) Book-keepers, payroll managers and wages clerks
20,646
7.411
(108) Legal professionals
75,399
7.406
(109) Planning, process and production technicians
29,789
7.406
(110) Public services associate professionals
28,430
7.403
(111) Journalists, newspaper and periodical editors
35,117
7.402
(112) Environment professionals
33,220
7.402
(113) Aircraft maintenance and related trades
34,511
7.394
(114) Other administrative occupations
15,744
7.386
(115) Business and related associate professionals
30,171
7.381
(116) Receptionists
12,595
7.379
(117) Programmers and software development professionals
40,165
7.377
(118) Vocational and industrial trainers and instructors
26,490
7.376
(119) Psychologists
34,174
7.376
(120) IT operations technicians
29,815
7.376
(121) Scaffolders, stagers and riggers
30,591
7.375
(122) Legal associate professionals
29,492
7.367
(123) Pensions and insurance clerks and assistants
22,694
7.366
(124) Business and related research professionals
32,053
7.366
(125) Plant and machine operatives
24,278
7.366
(126) Office managers
28,790
7.366
(127) Sales supervisors
18,383
7.358
(128) Engineering technicians
32,528
7.357
(129) Draughtspersons
29,702
7.352
(130) Plumbers and heating and ventilating engineers
27,832
7.35
(131) Human resources administrative occupations
19,633
7.35
(131) Metal working production and maintenance fitters
29,173
7.35
(133) Conference and exhibition managers and organisers
24,696
7.35
(134) Electronics engineers
36,751
7.348
(135) Office supervisors
25,138
7.345
(136) Houseparents and residential wardens
17,420
7.34
(137) Medical and dental technicians
26,922
7.339
(138) Business sales executives
32,880
7.338
(139) Precision instrument makers and repairers
29,334
7.333
(140) Telecommunications engineers
32,253
7.329
(141) Residential, day and domiciliary care managers and proprietors
29,594
7.328
(142) Senior care workers
17,064
7.324
(143) Inspectors of standards and regulations
28,628
7.318
(144) Arts officers, producers and directors
35,825
7.315
(145) School midday and crossing patrol occupations
3,167
7.314
(146) Construction and building trades supervisors
33,036
7.313
(147) Information technology and telecommunications professionals
40,222
7.308
(148) Careers advisers and vocational guidance specialists
22,752
7.307
(149) Sales administrators
19,573
7.307
(150) Health and safety officers
33,445
7.3
(151) Sewing machinists
13,982
7.297
(152) Managers and directors in retail and wholesale
29,009
7.297
(153) Occupational therapists
27,353
7.294
(154) Estate agents and auctioneers
24,783
7.291
(155) Welfare and housing associate professionals
19,156
7.283
(156) Finance officers
22,090
7.278
(157) Assemblers (vehicles and metal goods)
29,845
7.277
(158) Routine inspectors and testers
24,787
7.277
(159) Beauticians and related occupations
12,418
7.271
(160) IT user support technicians
29,457
7.27
(161) Other elementary services occupations
10,750
7.269
(162) Paramedics
36,841
7.263
(163) Managers and directors in storage and warehousing
32,133
7.259
(164) Legal secretaries
17,951
7.253
(165) Transport and distribution clerks and assistants
23,583
7.25
(166) Typists and related keyboard occupations
16,421
7.248
(167) Marketing associate professionals
30,051
7.237
(168) Chartered surveyors
35,480
7.236
(169) Product, clothing and related designers
29,301
7.224
(170) Leisure and travel service occupations
15,568
7.222
(170) Housing officers
23,001
7.222
(172) Officers of non-governmental organisations
21,454
7.22
(173) Gardeners and landscape gardeners
17,595
7.22
(174) Estimators, valuers and assessors
32,185
7.22
(175) Social workers
28,182
7.217
(176) Postal workers, mail sorters, messengers and couriers
23,178
7.202
(177) Laboratory technicians
21,168
7.194
(178) Glaziers, window fabricators and fitters
20,525
7.193
(179) Electrical and electronic trades
30,696
7.193
(180) Stock control clerks and assistants
20,891
7.19
(181) Local government administrative occupations
20,351
7.189
(182) Electricians and electrical fitters
30,055
7.185
(183) Protective service associate professionals
35,510
7.183
(184) Graphic designers
25,330
7.178
(185) Chemical and related process operatives
25,307
7.177
(186) Elementary sales occupations
12,301
7.174
(187) National government administrative occupations
20,330
7.174
(188) Web design and development professionals
29,870
7.169
(189) Paper and wood machine operatives
20,557
7.157
(190) Housekeepers and related occupations
12,947
7.157
(191) Science, engineering and production technicians
26,710
7.151
(192) Artists
28,258
7.149
(193) Electrical and electronics technicians
28,893
7.13
(194) Quality assurance technicians
27,303
7.129
(195) Caretakers
16,114
7.126
(196) Library clerks and assistants
12,190
7.125
(197) Customer service occupations
16,525
7.123
(198) Nursing auxiliaries and assistants
15,618
7.121
(199) Chemical scientists
35,492
7.113
(200) Cooks
11,346
7.106
(201) Elementary administration occupations
11,896
7.105
(202) Sales related occupations
18,782
7.103
(203) Butchers
17,681
7.103
(204) Restaurant and catering establishment managers and proprietors
23,402
7.1
(204) Driving instructors
29,166
7.1
(206) Catering and bar managers
17,934
7.096
(207) Metal machining setters and setter-operators
27,223
7.095
(208) Vehicle technicians, mechanics and electricians
25,238
7.095
(209) Chefs
17,391
7.09
(210) Construction and building trades
26,682
7.08
(211) Metal working machine operatives
22,044
7.08
(212) Communication operators
26,715
7.078
(213) Animal care services occupations
14,980
7.073
(214) Prison service officers (below principal officer)
26,616
7.071
(215) Undertakers, mortuary and crematorium assistants
16,526
7.068
(216) Welding trades
26,735
7.063
(217) Photographers, audio-visual and broadcasting equipment operators
24,242
7.047
(218) Launderers, dry cleaners and pressers
11,041
7.046
(219) Cleaning and housekeeping managers and supervisors
14,562
7.042
(220) Merchandisers and window dressers
16,239
7.041
(221) Large goods vehicle drivers
25,602
7.039
(222) Packers, bottlers, canners and fillers
16,820
7.037
(223) Youth and community workers
20,240
7.017
(224) Furniture makers and other craft woodworkers
20,182
7.012
(225) Bricklayers and masons
22,476
7.006
(226) Market research interviewers
7,122
7
(226) Other skilled trades
23,431
7
(228) Carpenters and joiners
24,029
6.991
(229) Food, drink and tobacco process operatives
18,133
6.986
(230) Kitchen and catering assistants
8,865
6.985
(231) Sales and retail assistants
10,097
6.982
(232) Roundspersons and van salespersons
21,375
6.982
(233) Other drivers and transport operatives
24,420
6.979
(234) Quantity surveyors
38,855
6.971
(235) Retail cashiers and check-out operators
9,509
6.968
(236) Cleaners and domestics
8,067
6.961
(237) Shelf fillers
11,174
6.959
(238) Assemblers and routine operatives
20,161
6.958
(239) Elementary process plant occupations
19,409
6.94
(240) Painters and decorators
22,700
6.936
(241) Printers
26,833
6.921
(242) Vehicle and parts salespersons and advisers
21,403
6.907
(243) IT engineers
27,064
6.904
(244) Waiters and waitresses
7,651
6.893
(245) Metal making and treating process operatives
24,941
6.881
(246) Plasterers
21,155
6.88
(247) Bakers and flour confectioners
16,948
6.873
(248) Mobile machine drivers and operatives
25,472
6.86
(249) Assemblers (electrical and electronic products)
19,590
6.846
(250) Refuse and salvage occupations
19,454
6.844
(251) Care workers and home carers
12,804
6.844
(252) Bus and coach drivers
23,095
6.841
(253) Roofers, roof tilers and slaters
21,921
6.837
(254) Taxi and cab drivers and chauffeurs
16,416
6.834
(255) Van drivers
18,744
6.817
(256) Elementary storage occupations
18,430
6.812
(257) Fork-lift truck drivers
21,444
6.797
(258) Parking and civil enforcement occupations
18,065
6.795
(259) Call and contact centre occupations
15,339
6.78
(260) Window cleaners
12,561
6.747
(261) Construction operatives
21,057
6.746
(262) Fishing and other elementary agriculture occupations
Healthy attachment with a parent is key to a child's security 
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